According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Dec 10, 2018 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y as far as mcgregor was concerned, this was a starting place, not a definitive set of universal rules to be adopted without question.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor theory x mcgregor died in 1964, aged 58, but not before making a substantial contribution to the field of management. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Theory x and theory y team management training from. His work, the human side of enterprise 1960 opened new vistas in organisation and management theory through providing answers to some of the intriguing questions. Mcgregor s work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. Douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory. Features of mcgregor s theory x and theory y of motivation.
He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man.
It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the theory x. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. He first presented his theory in a classic article titled the human side of enterprise. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by.
The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Known as an influential figure in management theory, organizational communication, and organizational studies, douglas mcgregor was a professor at massachusetts institute of technology, where he was a vocal advocate of the human relations approach. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta.
After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Yet, mcgregors 1960 assumption that employees perform. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. Douglas mcgregor s work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity. Teori x dan teori y menurut douglas mcgregor gaya manajemen suatu perusahaan sangat dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan dan asumsi manajemennya terhadap apa yang merupakan dorongan kerja karyawannya. Jika manajemennya yakin bahwa sebagian dari karyawannya tidak menyukai pekerjaannya, maka gaya manajemen akan cenderung ke gaya manajemen otoriter. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit.
Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles.
In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. Prottas assistant professor of management adelphi university anne l.
Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Douglas mcgregor is a behaviorist and social psychologist of repute. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor. Douglas mcgregor was a professor at massachusetts institute of technology, where he was a vocal advocate of the human relations approach. Kopelman professor of management baruch college david j. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits.
Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. He treated traditional approach to management as theory x and the professional approach to management as theory y. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the. He is a strong believer in the potentialities of human beings in contributing to organizational performance. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960.
Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregor s theory x and theory y. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices mcgregor was a student of abraham maslow. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theory y stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man. Their application in assessing leadership styles article pdf available in academic leadership 74 january 2009 with 7,7 reads how we measure reads.
Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. While in high school, mcgregor worked as night clerk at the mcgregor institute, a family affair originally established by his grandfather, but managed by his father and his uncle to provide temporary accommodation for around 100 transient workers at a time. However, the impact between xy attitudes and job performance has never been empirically substantiated. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave.
It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. Douglas mcgregor s in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Jim was a fellow manager at hanover insurance, and we often reflected on the diseases produced by the prevailing hierarchical management practices of that time. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. Davis colonel tooele army depot douglas mcgregor s landmark book, the human side of enterprise 1960, changed the path of management.
Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop. He was particularly interested in what motivates people to work hard, in particular on what belief systems motivate people to work hard. May 05, 2018 douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. John wiley, 2000 journal article douglas mcgregor a lasting impression, robert a cunningham ivey business journal, sepoct vol 75 issue 5, 2011, pp57 related model mcgregor s theory x and theory y related thinkers. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y.
Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregor s theory y thinking back from pre. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. The eminent psychologist douglas mcgregor has given his theory of motivation called theory x and theory y. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y.